Special Article
1 October 1964

Scientific Methodology in Clinical Medicine: II. Classification of Human Disease by Clinical Behavior

Publication: Annals of Internal Medicine
Volume 61, Number 4

Excerpt

The following paper is the second of four parts of Dr. Feinstein's cogent analysis of scientific methodology in clinical medicine. The subsequent parts, which will appear in the November and December issues of the ANNALS, are subtitled as follows: "III. The Evaluation of Therapeutic Response" and "IV. Acquisition of Clinical Data."—Ed.
OUTLINE OF CONTENTS: PART II
TAXONOMIC ARRANGEMENT OF DATA IN HUMAN DISEASE
EVOLUTION OF CLINICAL DATA FROM DIAGNOSTIC TO JUDGMENTAL FUNCTIONS
CLINICAL DATA AS SCIENTIFIC VARIABLES IN CLINICAL REASONING
CLASSIFICATION OF CLINICAL BEHAVIOR OF A DISEASE
MODE OF DETECTION AND GENERAL CLINICAL STATE
Definitions and Concepts
Mathematical Formulation
INDIVIDUAL...

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References

1.
FEINSTEIN AR: Scientific methodology in clinical medicine. I. Introduction, principles, concepts. Ann. Intern. Med. 61: 564-579, 1964.
2.
FEINSTEIN AR: Scientific methodology in clinical medicine. III. Appraisal of therapeutic response. Ann. Intern. Med. (In press).
3.
FEINSTEIN AR: Boolean algebra and clinical taxonomy. I. Analytic synthesis of the general spectrum of a human disease. New Eng. J. Med. 269: 929-938, 1963.
4.
BOOLE G: An Investigation of the Laws of Thought. Dover Publications, Inc., 1951, New York. (A paperback reprint of the original work published in 1854.)
5.
BIRKHOFF G and MACLANE S: A Brief Survey of Modern Algebra, Second Edition. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1953.
6.
ARNOLD BH: Logic and Boolean Algebra. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1962. (Refs. 5 and 6 are expositions for mathematically advanced readers.)
7.
VENN J: Symbolic Logic. Macmillan and Co., London, 1894.
8.
DODGSON CD and Carroll L: Symbolic Logic and the Game of Logic. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1958 (paperback). (An interesting reprinted presentation of elementary concepts by an author better known for other literary activities.)
9.
JOHNSON DA and GLENN WH: Sets, Sentences, and Operations. Webster Publishing Co., St. Louis, 1960 (paperback). (A simple, lucid exposition, for readers with minimal or no mathematical background.)
10.
FEINSTEIN AR: The basic elements of clinical science (Editorial). J. Chron. Dis. 16: 1125-1133, 1963.
11.
FEINSTEIN AR and SPAGNUOLO M: Sore throats, streptococcal infections and prevention of rheumatic fever. J. Chron. Dis. 15: 623-633, 1962.
12.
FEINSTEIN AR and SPAGNUOLO M: The clinical patterns of acute rheumatic fever: A reappraisal. Medicine 41: 279-305, 1962.
13.
AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION: Report of committee on standards and criteria for programs of care of the council on rheumatic fever: Jones criteria (modified) for guidance in diagnosis of rheumatic fever. Mod. Conc. Cardiov. Dis. 24: 291-293, 1955.
14.
FEINSTEIN AR, SPAGNUOLO M, and GILL F: The rebound phenomenon in acute rheumatic fever. I. Incidence and significance. Yale J. Biol. Med. 33: 259-278, 1961.
15.
FEINSTEIN AR and SPAGNUOLO M: Experimental reactivation of subsiding rheumatic fever. J. Clin. Invest. 40: 1891-1899, 1961.
16.
FEINSTEIN AR, ZAGALA JG, and SPAGNUOLO M: The pattern of symptoms, pre-treatment interval, and prognosis of acute rheumatic fever. Ann. Intern. Med. 57: 563-571, 1962.
17.
TARANTA A, KLEINBERG E, FEINSTEIN AR, WOOD HF, TURSKY E, and SIMPSON R: Rheumatic fever in children and adolescents: A long-term epidemiologic study of subsequent prophylaxis, streptococcal infections, and clinical sequelae. V. Relation of the rheumatic fever recurrence rate per streptococcal infection to pre-existing clinical features of the patients. Ann. Intern. Med. (Supp. 5) 60: 58-67, 1964.
18.
FEINSTEIN AR, SPAGNUOLO M, WOOD HF, TARANTA A, TURSKY E, and KLEINBERG E: Rheumatic fever in children and adolescents: A long-term epidemiologic study of subsequent prophylaxis, streptococcal infections, and clinical sequelae. VI. Clinical features of streptococcal infections and rheumatic recurrences. Ann. Intern. Med. (Supp. 5) 60: 68-86, 1964.
19.
FEINSTEIN AR, WOOD HF, SPAGNUOLO M, TARANTA A, JONAS S, KLEINBERG E, and TURSKY E: Rheumatic fever in children and adolescents: A long-term epidemiologic study of subsequent prophylaxis, streptococcal infections, and clinical sequelae. VII. Cardiac changes and sequelae. Ann. Intern. Med. (Supp. 5) 60: 87-123, 1964.
20.
FEINSTEIN AR, KLEINBERG E, and SPAGNUOLO M: The prognosis of acute rheumatic fever. Amer. Heart J. (In press).
21.
FEINSTEIN AR: Symptomatic patterns, biologic behavior, and prognosis in cancer of the lung. Ann. Intern. Med. 61: 27-43, 1964.
22.
FEINSTEIN AR: Scientific methodology in clinical medicine. IV. Acquisition of clinical data. Ann. Intern. Med. (In press).

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

cover image Annals of Internal Medicine
Annals of Internal Medicine
Volume 61Number 41 October 1964
Pages: 757 - 781

History

Published in issue: 1 October 1964
Published online: 1 December 2008

Keywords

Authors

Affiliations

ALVAN R. FEINSTEIN, M.D.
New Haven, Connecticut
From the Department of Medicine (Clinical Biostatistics Section), Veterans Administration Hospital, West Haven, Conn., and the Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.
The work described here was conceived and prepared during investigations supported by grants HE01595 from the National Heart Institute and CA07155 from the National Cancer Institute, U. S. Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md.
Requests for reprints should be addressed to Alvan R. Feinstein, M.D., Associate Professor of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, Conn.

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ALVAN R. FEINSTEIN. Scientific Methodology in Clinical Medicine: II. Classification of Human Disease by Clinical Behavior. Ann Intern Med.1964;61:757-781. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-61-4-757

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