Benefits and Harms of Cranial Electrical Stimulation for Chronic Painful Conditions, Depression, Anxiety, and Insomnia: A Systematic Review

Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors, who are responsible for its contents. The findings and conclusions do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs or the U.S. government. Therefore, no statement in this article should be construed as the official position of the Department of Veterans Affairs.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Roberta Shanman, MLS, for searches.

Financial Support: By the Veterans Affairs Quality Enhancement Research Initiative.

Disclosures: Dr. Cook reports grants from Neosync; being a consultant/advisor for Arctica Health, Cereve, and NeuroDetect; prior employment (now on leave with stock options) with NeuroSigma; and employment with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and University of California, Los Angeles, outside the submitted work. In addition, Dr. Cook has patents licensed to NeuroSigma by the Regents of the University of California. Authors not named here have disclosed no conflicts of interest. Disclosures can also be viewed at www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=M17-1970.

Editors' Disclosures: Christine Laine, MD, MPH, Editor in Chief, reports that she has no financial relationships or interests to disclose. Darren B. Taichman, MD, PhD, Executive Deputy Editor, reports that he has no financial relationships or interests to disclose. Cynthia D. Mulrow, MD, MSc, Senior Deputy Editor, reports that she has no relationships or interests to disclose. Deborah Cotton, MD, MPH, Deputy Editor, reports that she has no financial relationships or interest to disclose. Jaya K. Rao, MD, MHS, Deputy Editor, reports that she has stock holdings/options in Eli Lilly and Pfizer. Sankey V. Williams, MD, Deputy Editor, reports that he has no financial relationships or interests to disclose. Catharine B. Stack, PhD, MS, Deputy Editor for Statistics, reports that she has stock holdings in Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson.

Reproducible Research Statement:Study protocol: PROSPERO CRD42016023951. Statistical code: Not applicable. Data set: Additional data not presented in the published paper are available in the full report at http://www.hsrd.research.va.gov/publications/esp/ces.cfm.

Requests for Single Reprints: Paul G. Shekelle, MD, PhD, West Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073; e-mail, paul.shekelle@va.gov.

Current Author Addresses: Drs. Shekelle and Miake-Lye and Ms. Beroes: West Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073.

Dr. Cook: University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095.

Ms. Booth: RAND Corporation, Southern California Evidence-based Practice Center, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90401-3208.

Ms. Mak: University of California, Los Angeles, Fielding School of Public Health, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095.

Author Contributions: Conception and design: P.G. Shekelle, I.M. Miake-Lye.

Analysis and interpretation of the data: P.G. Shekelle, I.A. Cook, M.S. Booth, S. Mak.

Drafting of the article: P.G. Shekelle, I.A. Cook, I.M. Miake-Lye, J.M. Beroes.

Critical revision of the article for important intellectual content: P.G. Shekelle, I.A. Cook.

Final approval of the article: P.G. Shekelle, I.A. Cook, I.M. Miake-Lye, M.S. Booth, J.M. Beroes, S. Mak.

Statistical expertise: M.S. Booth.

Obtaining of funding: P.G. Shekelle.

Administrative, technical, or logistic support: J.M. Beroes, S. Mak.

Collection and assembly of data: P.G. Shekelle, I.M. Miake-Lye, M.S. Booth, S. Mak.