Skip Navigation
American College of Physicians Logo
  • Subscribe
  • Submit a Manuscript
  • Sign In
    Sign in below to access your subscription for full content
    INDIVIDUAL SIGN IN
    Sign In|Set Up Account
    You will be directed to acponline.org to register and create your Annals account
    INSTITUTIONAL SIGN IN
    Open Athens|Shibboleth|Log In
    Annals of Internal Medicine
    SUBSCRIBE
    Subscribe to Annals of Internal Medicine.
    You will be directed to acponline.org to complete your purchase.
Annals of Internal Medicine Logo Menu
  • Latest
  • Issues
  • Channels
  • CME/MOC
  • In the Clinic
  • Journal Club
  • Web Exclusives
  • Author Info
Advanced Search
  • ‹ PREV ARTICLE
  • This Issue
  • NEXT ARTICLE ›
Articles |2 May 2006

Brief Communication: Ramipril Markedly Improves Walking Ability in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Randomized Trial Free

Anna A. Ahimastos, BSc(Hons); Adam Lawler, BSc; Christopher M. Reid, PhD; Peter A. Blombery, MB, PhD; Bronwyn A. Kingwell, PhD

Anna A. Ahimastos, BSc(Hons)
From Baker Heart Research Institute, Alfred Hospital, and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.

Adam Lawler, BSc
From Baker Heart Research Institute, Alfred Hospital, and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.

Christopher M. Reid, PhD
From Baker Heart Research Institute, Alfred Hospital, and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.

Peter A. Blombery, MB, PhD
From Baker Heart Research Institute, Alfred Hospital, and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.

Bronwyn A. Kingwell, PhD
From Baker Heart Research Institute, Alfred Hospital, and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.

Article, Author, and Disclosure Information
Author, Article, and Disclosure Information
  • From Baker Heart Research Institute, Alfred Hospital, and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.

    ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00168467.

    Grant Support: By the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. Associate Professor Kingwell is a National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia senior research fellow.

    Potential Financial Conflicts of Interest: None disclosed.

    Requests for Single Reprints: Associate Professor Bronwyn A. Kingwell, PhD, Alfred and Baker Medical Unit, Baker Heart Research Institute, PO Box 6492, St. Kilda Road Central, Melbourne, Victoria, 8008 Australia; e-mail, b.kingwell@alfred.org.au.

    Current Author Addresses: Ms. Ahimastos and Associate Professor Kingwell: Alfred and Baker Medical Unit, Baker Heart Research Institute, PO Box 6492, St. Kilda Road Central, Melbourne, Victoria 8008, Australia.

    Mr. Lawler: 6th Floor Main Ward Block, Alfred Hospital, Central Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.

    Associate Professor Reid: Centre of Clinical Research Excellence (CCRE) Therapeutics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne 3004, Australia.

    Dr. Blombery: Heart Centre, 3rd Floor Philip Block, Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.

    Author Contributions: Conception and design: A.A. Ahimastos, P.A. Blombery, B.A. Kingwell.

    Analysis and interpretation of the data: A.A. Ahimastos, A. Lawler, C.M. Reid, P.A. Blombery, B.A. Kingwell.

    Drafting of the article: A.A. Ahimastos, P.A. Blombery, B.A. Kingwell.

    Critical revision of the article for important intellectual content: A.A. Ahimastos, A. Lawler, C.M. Reid, P.A. Blombery, B.A. Kingwell.

    Final approval of the article: A.A. Ahimastos, A. Lawler, C.M. Reid, P.A. Blombery, B.A. Kingwell.

    Statistical expertise: C.M. Reid, B.A. Kingwell.

    Obtaining of funding: P.A. Blombery, B.A. Kingwell.

    Administrative, technical, or logistic support: A.A. Ahimastos, A. Lawler, P.A. Blombery, B.A. Kingwell.

    Collection and assembly of data: A.A. Ahimastos, A. Lawler, P.A. Blombery, B.A. Kingwell.

×
This article has been retracted:

Notice of Retraction: Ramipril Markedly Improves Walking Ability in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease
  • ‹ PREV ARTICLE
  • This Issue
  • NEXT ARTICLE ›
Jump To
  • Full Article
  • FULL ARTICLE
  • FULL ARTICLE
    • Abstract
    • Editors’ Notes
    • Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
      • References
  • Figures
  • Tables
  • Supplements
  • Audio/Video
  • Summary for Patients
  • Clinical Slide Sets
  • CME / MOC
  • Comments
  • Twitter Link
  • Facebook Link
  • Email Link
More
  • LinkedIn Link
  • CiteULike Link

Abstract

This article has been retracted. See Notice of Retraction.

Background:

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects up to 12% of adults older than 50 years of age. Conventional therapies have only modest effects in improving symptoms.

Objective:

To examine the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on walking ability in patients with PAD.

Design:

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial initiated in March 2003 and completed in January 2005.

Setting:

The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.

Participants:

40 older adults with symptomatic PAD and no history of diabetes or hypertension.

Intervention:

10 mg of ramipril (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20) once daily for 24 weeks. All patients completed the trial.

Measurements:

Pain-free and maximum walking time were recorded during a standard treadmill test, and the standard Walking Impairment Questionnaire was administered.

Results:

After adjustment for the baseline pain-free walking time, mean pain-free walking time after ramipril treatment was 227 seconds (95% CI, 175 seconds to 278 seconds; P < 0.001) longer than that after placebo treatment. Similarly, maximum walking time improved by 451 seconds in the ramipril group (CI, 367 seconds to 536 seconds; P < 0.001) but did not change in the placebo group. Ramipril improved the Walking Impairment Questionnaire median distance score from 5% (range, 1% to 39%) to 21% (range, 12% to 58%; P < 0.001), speed score from 3% (range, 3% to 39%) to 18% (range, 8% to 50%; P < 0.001), and stair-climbing score from 17% (range, 4% to 80%) to 67% (range, 38% to 88%; P < 0.001). No adverse events were reported.

Limitations:

The sample size is modest, and the strict inclusion criteria limit the applicability of the results to patients with claudication and infrainguinal disease and those without diabetes.

Conclusion:

Ramipril improved pain-free and maximum walking time in some adults with symptomatic PAD.

Editors’ Notes

Context

  • Few therapies substantially reduce symptoms and improve exercise performance in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD).

Contribution

  • In this double-blind trial, investigators randomly assigned 40 older adults without diabetes and with symptomatic PAD to receive either ramipril or placebo, 10 mg once daily for 24 weeks. Compared with placebo, ramipril increased maximum and pain-free walking time and walking speed and distance.

Cautions

  • The trial was small and involved selected patients with limited mobility and exercise tolerance.

Implications

  • Ramipril may improve symptoms in some patients with PAD.

—The Editors
This article has been retracted. See Notice of Retraction.
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common disorder, with 12% of adults older than 50 years of age having an ankle–brachial index (ABI) that is diagnostic of PAD (<0.9) (1). Approximately one third of these patients experience intermittent claudication during walking, limiting normal activities. Medical treatments to improve walking distance are limited. The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor ramipril reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality compared with placebo in patients with established atherosclerotic disease, including PAD, in the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study (2). This effect seemed to be independent of blood pressure reduction (3) and may relate to the known benefits of ACE inhibitors on both coronary and brachial endothelial function (4). No previous controlled studies have investigated the effect of ACE inhibitors on symptoms of intermittent claudication. Given the positive effects of ramipril in the HOPE trial and its convenient once-daily dosing formulation, we hypothesized that therapy with ramipril would improve intermittent claudication symptoms. We aimed to examine the effect of 6-month ramipril therapy on walking distance and claudication pain in a defined group of patients with claudication due to infrainguinal PAD by using a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design.

Methods

This article has been retracted. See Notice of Retraction.
We screened 152 patients with PAD from general practice clinics in the Melbourne, Australia, metropolitan area (Figure 1). Of them, 40 patients (mean age, 66 years [SD, 4]) were recruited and completed the trial. All patients gave written informed consent to participate in the study. The Ethics Committee of the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, approved the study, and we performed the study in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki 2000. All participants had an ABI less than 0.9 at rest in at least 1 leg; had a history of intermittent claudication (unilateral or bilateral), which was stable for 6 months; had evidence of superficial femoral artery stenosis or occlusion on duplex ultrasonography; had blood pressure of 160/90 mm Hg or less; had a stable medication regimen for at least 6 months; and had not previously been treated with ACE inhibitors. We excluded patients with limiting coronary artery disease, renal failure, history of hypertension, or type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Figure 1.

Flow of patients through the study.

Computer-generated numbers specified the allocation sequence. A tamper-proof randomization process generated by the hospital research center randomly assigned participants into blocks of 10 to receive either ramipril (Tritace, Aventis Pharma Pty. Ltd., Macquarie Park, Australia, 10 mg once daily for 24 weeks) or placebo (10 mg once daily for 24 weeks) in a parallel-group, double-blind design. Both investigators and patients were blinded to drug assignment. Furthermore, investigators did not have access to baseline data when they performed follow-up measurements and patients were not asked which treatment they thought they were receiving. No patient assigned to placebo crossed over to ramipril during the trial or vice versa.
We advised participants to maintain all aspects of their lifestyle throughout the trial and requested them to refrain from exercise, smoking, and caffeine for 24 hours before all testing. On the morning of testing, patients rested in a supine position for 15 minutes in a quiet room before the measurements. We assessed blood pressure, ABI, walking distance, duplex ultrasounds of leg arteries, and the Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) scores before and after both interventions. We advised patients about potential side effects and requested that they report any adverse event to the study coordinator.
All patients performed a treadmill exercise test at a speed of 3.2 km/h and a grade of 12% (5), and we recorded pain-free walking time (time to onset of claudication pain) and maximum walking time. In our study, all patients reached a maximal level of claudication pain that limited exercise during the graded treadmill test.
The WIQ was developed and validated against treadmill walking and is used to evaluate limitations in community-based walking ability (6). The WIQ assessed walking distance, speed, and stair-climbing ability, using a weighted standardized formula and returning a summary score between 0% and 100% (6, 7).

Statistical Analyses

All analysts were blinded to treatment assignment, and an independent investigator double-checked all measurement calculations and database entries. The study was powered to detect a 180-second change in maximum walking time with ramipril, assuming a standard deviation of 250 seconds (α = 0.05 [2-sided]; power, 86%). We compared 24-week changes from baseline in pain-free walking time, maximum walking time, and WIQ scores between treatments by using an analysis of covariance model with terms for treatment and baseline value as the analysis end points. We log-transformed the WIQ data to achieve a normal distribution before analysis. We conducted all statistical analyses by using Stata software, version 8.2 (Stata Corp., College Station, Texas). We expressed normally distributed data as means (SDs) or 95% CIs and non-normally distributed data as medians (ranges). A P value less 0.05 was deemed to be significant. No data were missing for any clinical variable measured in our study.

Role of the Funding Sources

This work was funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. Aventis Pharma Pty. Ltd. provided ramipril (Tritace) and matching placebo capsules but provided no other funding for the study or to the investigators. The funding sources had no role in the design, conduct, or reporting of the study or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Results

This article has been retracted. See Notice of Retraction.
The ramipril and placebo groups were similar in age, other cardiovascular risk factors, medication use, and PAD severity, as evidenced by clinical symptoms (walking times), WIQ scores, and resting ABI (Table). No patient was taking cilostazol or pentoxifylline. On duplex ultrasonography, 6 of 40 patients had a superficial femoral artery occlusion (2 placebo patients and 4 ramipril patients), and the remaining patients had stenotic disease in the superficial femoral artery. Only 25% of patients were taking antiplatelet or lipid-lowering therapy. No adverse events were reported.

Table. Baseline Characteristics

Table. Baseline Characteristics

Ankle–Brachial Index

Ramipril significantly increased ABI both at rest (change with placebo, −0.05 mm Hg [SD, 0.04]; change with ramipril, 0.07 mm Hg [SD, 0.08]; P < 0.001) and after exercise (change with placebo, −0.04 mm Hg [SD, 0.05]; change with ramipril, 0.08 mm Hg [SD, 0.14]; P < 0.001). At rest, this increase was due to reduction in brachial systolic blood pressure with ramipril treatment (−0.85 mm Hg [SD, 1.57] vs. −5.05 mm Hg [SD, 2.33]; P < 0.001) rather than an increase in limiting leg pressure (−0.75 mm Hg [SD, 1.71] vs. −0.15 mm Hg [SD, 1.27]; P = 0.26). After exercise, both a reduction in brachial pressure (change with placebo, 0.30 mm Hg [SD, 2.45]; change with ramipril, −6.80 mm Hg [SD, 6.07]; P < 0.001) and an increase in limiting leg pressure (change with placebo, −5.40 mm Hg [SD, 7.56]; change with ramipril, 7.10 mm Hg [SD, 4.59]; P < 0.001) contributed to the increase in ABI.

Treadmill Test

After adjustment for the baseline pain-free walking time, mean pain-free walking time after ramipril treatment was 227 seconds (95% CI, 175 seconds to 278 seconds; P < 0.001) longer than after placebo treatment (Figure 2). Similarly, maximum walking time significantly improved over the 24-week treatment period by 451 seconds (CI, 367 seconds to 536 seconds; P < 0.001) in the ramipril group after adjustment for baseline values (Figure 2). The lack of change observed over the 24-week treatment period in the placebo group (change in mean walking time, −10 seconds [SD, 9] [CI, −14 seconds to −6 seconds]; P < 0.001) may reflect both the advanced age of participants and the fact that they all had limiting infrainguinal disease, which would probably give more reproducible treadmill data than aortoiliac disease. In addition, we asked patients to maintain all aspects of their lifestyle throughout the trial.
Figure 2.

Effect of ramipril on maximum treadmill walking times.

Walking Impairment Questionnaire

Ramipril improved WIQ median distance score from 5% (range, 1% to 39%) to 21% (range, 12% to 58%) (P < 0.001), speed score from 3% (range, 3% to 39%) to 18% (range, 8% to 50%) (P < 0.001), and stair-climbing score from 17% (range, 4% to 80%) to 67% (range, 38% to 88%) (P < 0.001).

Duplex Ultrasonography

Volume flow was unaltered in the limiting leg at the stenotic site. However, ramipril significantly increased volume flow in the common femoral artery proximal to the site of stenosis in both the limiting leg (change with placebo, −0.014 L/min [SD, 0.022]; change with ramipril, 0.017 L/min [SD, 0.034]; P = 0.008) and the nonlimiting leg (change with placebo, −0.006 L/min [SD, 0.041]; change with ramipril, 0.019 L/min [SD, 0.019]; P = 0.035).

Discussion

This article has been retracted. See Notice of Retraction.
Our study shows that treatment with ramipril, an ACE inhibitor, improves walking ability in some patients with PAD. Ramipril increased treadmill-assessed pain-free walking time by a mean of 164% (range, 21% to 415%) and increased maximum walking time by a mean of 243% (range, 38% to 767%). Assuming a constant speed of 0.89 m/s (3.2 km/h), this corresponds to a clinically significant increase in walking distance of 401 meters (CI, 326 meters to 476 meters), which would appreciably affect daily functional capacity. The magnitude of this effect is greater than that reported for conventional medical therapies. For example, cilostazol and pentoxifylline improve walking times or distances by up to 80%, and exercise training results in an average 120% improvement (8-11).
Although treadmill walking tests are an objective measure of functional ability in patients with intermittent claudication, they do not address regular daily activities in the home or in the community setting. The improvements in WIQ scores were consistent with the measured improvement in pain-free walking time and maximum walking time, demonstrating that ACE inhibition improves the ability to perform normal daily activities.
Five previous studies examined the effect of ACE inhibitor therapy on walking time in patients with PAD (12-16). The intervention period in all these trials was relatively short (2 weeks to 3 months), all studies were small (10 to 23 patients), and all but 1 trial were not placebo-controlled. Our findings suggest that a longer intervention period is necessary for ACE inhibition to provide efficacy.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor treatment improves blood flow to the lower extremities of patients with PAD (12, 13, 15). Mechanisms include vasodilatation through reduction in angiotensin II, sympathetic inhibition, and improvement in endothelial function (17) through preservation of bradykinin. In addition, angiogenesis (collateral formation) and atherosclerotic regression may also contribute (18, 19). In our study, the improvement in volume flow at a nonoccluded site upstream from the site of stenosis, but not at the stenotic site, suggests that collateral flow was enhanced by ramipril, perhaps through angiogenesis.
The trial was small. We recruited patients according to tight inclusion criteria, selecting patients with limited mobility and exercise tolerance. The inclusion criteria limit the applicability of the results to patients with limiting infrainguinal disease without diabetes, who make up approximately one half of patients with claudication (20). The remarkable consistency in the placebo group data before and after intervention may be partly related to the homogeneity of the group studied. Furthermore, the WIQ has restricted capacity to discriminate between patients with poor exercise tolerance. Our findings warrant further investigation in a larger clinical trial that includes patients with diabetes and those with aortoiliac disease and infrainguinal disease.
In conclusion, ramipril therapy for 24 weeks increased both pain-free walking time and maximum walking time by a clinically and statistically significantly greater magnitude than current therapies. While ACE inhibitor therapy reduces vascular events in patients with PAD, it is not currently specifically indicated for relief of clinical symptoms. Our data demonstrate that ramipril may have benefits beyond reduction in vascular events in this high-risk population and may substantially improve clinical symptoms and quality of life.

References

  1. Newman
    AB
    .  
    Peripheral arterial disease: insights from population studies of older adults.
    J Am Geriatr Soc
    2000
    48
    1157
    62
     PubMed
    CrossRef
     PubMed
  2. Yusuf
    S
    ,  
    Sleight
    P
    ,  
    Pogue
    J
    ,  
    Bosch
    J
    ,  
    Davies
    R
    ,  
    Dagenais
    G
    .  
    Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators.
    N Engl J Med
    2000
    342
    145
    53
     PubMed
    CrossRef
     PubMed
  3. O'Keefe
    JH
    ,  
    Wetzel
    M
    ,  
    Moe
    RR
    ,  
    Bronsnahan
    K
    ,  
    Lavie
    CJ
    .  
    Should an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor be standard therapy for patients with atherosclerotic disease?
    J Am Coll Cardiol
    2001
    37
    1
    8
     PubMed
    CrossRef
     PubMed
  4. Mancini
    GB
    ,  
    Henry
    GC
    ,  
    Macaya
    C
    ,  
    O'Neill
    BJ
    ,  
    Pucillo
    AL
    ,  
    Carere
    RG
    .  
    et al
    Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with quinapril improves endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. The TREND (Trial on Reversing ENdothelial Dysfunction) Study.
    Circulation
    1996
    94
    258
    65
     PubMed
    CrossRef
     PubMed
  5. Sumner
    DS
    ,  
    Strandness
    DE
    Jr
    .  
    The relationship between calf blood flow and ankle blood pressure in patients with intermittent claudication.
    Surgery
    1969
    65
    763
    71
     PubMed
     PubMed
  6. Regensteiner
    JG
    ,  
    Steiner
    JF
    ,  
    Panzer
    RJ
    ,  
    Hiatt
    WR
    .  
    Evaluation of walking impairment by questionnaire in patients with peripheral arterial disease.
    Journal of Vascular Medicine and Biology
    1990
    2
    142
    52
  7. Hiatt
    WR
    ,  
    Hirsch
    AT
    ,  
    Regensteiner
    JG
    ,  
    Brass
    EP
    .  
    Clinical trials for claudication. Assessment of exercise performance, functional status, and clinical end points. Vascular Clinical Trialists.
    Circulation
    1995
    92
    614
    21
     PubMed
    CrossRef
     PubMed
  8. Nehler
    MR
    ,  
    Hiatt
    WR
    .  
    Exercise therapy for claudication.
    Ann Vasc Surg
    1999
    13
    109
    14
     PubMed
    CrossRef
     PubMed
  9. Gardner
    AW
    ,  
    Poehlman
    ET
    .  
    Exercise rehabilitation programs for the treatment of claudication pain. A meta-analysis.
    JAMA
    1995
    274
    975
    80
     PubMed
    CrossRef
     PubMed
  10. Beebe
    HG
    ,  
    Dawson
    DL
    ,  
    Cutler
    BS
    ,  
    Herd
    JA
    ,  
    Strandness
    DE
    Jr
    ,  
    Bortey
    EB
    .  
    et al
    A new pharmacological treatment for intermittent claudication: results of a randomized, multicenter trial.
    Arch Intern Med
    1999
    159
    2041
    50
     PubMed
    CrossRef
     PubMed
  11. Dawson
    DL
    ,  
    Cutler
    BS
    ,  
    Hiatt
    WR
    ,  
    Hobson
    RW
    2nd
    ,  
    Martin
    JD
    ,  
    Bortey
    EB
    .  
    et al
    A comparison of cilostazol and pentoxifylline for treating intermittent claudication.
    Am J Med
    2000
    109
    523
    30
     PubMed
    CrossRef
     PubMed
  12. Sonecha
    TN
    ,  
    Nicolaides
    AN
    ,  
    Kyprianou
    P
    ,  
    Zukowski
    A
    ,  
    Papadakis
    K
    ,  
    Vasdekis
    S
    .  
    et al
    The effect of enalapril on leg muscle blood flow in patients with claudication.
    Int Angiol
    1990
    9
    22
    4
     PubMed
     PubMed
  13. Roberts
    DH
    ,  
    Tsao
    Y
    ,  
    McLoughlin
    GA
    ,  
    Breckenridge
    A
    .  
    Placebo-controlled comparison of captopril, atenolol, labetalol, and pindolol in hypertension complicated by intermittent claudication.
    Lancet
    1987
    2
    650
    3
     PubMed
    CrossRef
     PubMed
  14. Roberts
    DH
    ,  
    Tsao
    Y
    ,  
    Linge
    K
    ,  
    McLoughlin
    GA
    ,  
    Breckenridge
    A
    .  
    Double-blind comparison of captopril with nifedipine in hypertension complicated by intermittent claudication.
    Angiology
    1992
    43
    748
    56
     PubMed
    CrossRef
     PubMed
  15. Bernardi
    D
    ,  
    Bartoli
    P
    ,  
    Ferreri
    A
    ,  
    Geri
    AB
    ,  
    Ieri
    A
    .  
    Assessment of captopril and nicardipine effects on chronic occlusive arterial disease of the lower extremity using Doppler ultrasound.
    Angiology
    1988
    39
    942
    52
     PubMed
    CrossRef
     PubMed
  16. Van de Ven
    LL
    ,  
    Van Leeuwen
    JT
    ,  
    Smit
    AJ
    .  
    The influence of chronic treatment with betablockade and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on the peripheral blood flow in hypertensive patients with and without concomitant intermittent claudication. A comparative cross-over trial.
    Vasa
    1994
    23
    357
    62
     PubMed
     PubMed
  17. Higashi
    Y
    ,  
    Sasaki
    S
    ,  
    Nakagawa
    K
    ,  
    Ueda
    T
    ,  
    Yoshimizu
    A
    ,  
    Kurisu
    S
    .  
    et al
    A comparison of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium antagonists, beta-blockers and diuretic agents on reactive hyperemia in patients with essential hypertension: a multicenter study.
    J Am Coll Cardiol
    2000
    35
    284
    91
     PubMed
    CrossRef
     PubMed
  18. Fabre
    JE
    ,  
    Rivard
    A
    ,  
    Magner
    M
    ,  
    Silver
    M
    ,  
    Isner
    JM
    .  
    Tissue inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme activity stimulates angiogenesis in vivo.
    Circulation
    1999
    99
    3043
    9
     PubMed
    CrossRef
     PubMed
  19. Silvestre
    JS
    ,  
    Bergaya
    S
    ,  
    Tamarat
    R
    ,  
    Duriez
    M
    ,  
    Boulanger
    CM
    ,  
    Levy
    BI
    .  
    Proangiogenic effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition is mediated by the bradykinin B(2) receptor pathway.
    Circ Res
    2001
    89
    678
    83
     PubMed
    CrossRef
     PubMed
  20. Brewster
    DC
    .  
    Vascular Surgery. 5th ed.
    Philadelphia
    WB Saunders
    2000
Figure 1.

Flow of patients through the study.

Figure 2.

Effect of ramipril on maximum treadmill walking times.

Table. Baseline Characteristics

Table. Baseline Characteristics

Clinical Slide Sets

Terms of Use

The In the Clinic® slide sets are owned and copyrighted by the American College of Physicians (ACP). All text, graphics, trademarks, and other intellectual property incorporated into the slide sets remain the sole and exclusive property of the ACP. The slide sets may be used only by the person who downloads or purchases them and only for the purpose of presenting them during not-for-profit educational activities. Users may incorporate the entire slide set or selected individual slides into their own teaching presentations but may not alter the content of the slides in any way or remove the ACP copyright notice. Users may make print copies for use as hand-outs for the audience the user is personally addressing but may not otherwise reproduce or distribute the slides by any means or media, including but not limited to sending them as e-mail attachments, posting them on Internet or Intranet sites, publishing them in meeting proceedings, or making them available for sale or distribution in any unauthorized form, without the express written permission of the ACP. Unauthorized use of the In the Clinic slide sets will constitute copyright infringement.

This retraction concerns the article:

Ramipril Improves Walking Ability in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease

This feature is available only to Registered Users

Subscribe/Learn More
Submit a Comment

0 Comments

PDF
Not Available
Citations
Citation

Ahimastos AA, Lawler A, Reid CM, Blombery PA, Kingwell BA. Brief Communication: Ramipril Markedly Improves Walking Ability in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:660–664. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-144-9-200605020-00009

Download citation file:

  • Ris (Zotero)
  • EndNote
  • BibTex
  • Medlars
  • ProCite
  • RefWorks
  • Reference Manager

© 2019

×
Permissions

Published: Ann Intern Med. 2006;144(9):660-664.

DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-144-9-200605020-00009

©
2006 American College of Physicians
64 Citations

See Also
Ramipril Improves Walking Ability in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease
Notice of Retraction: Ramipril Markedly Improves Walking Ability in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease
View MoreView Less

Related Articles
Notice of Retraction: Ramipril Markedly Improves Walking Ability in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease
Annals of Internal Medicine; 163 (11): 884
Notice of Retraction: Ramipril Markedly Improves Walking Ability in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease [Summary for Patients]
Annals of Internal Medicine; 163 (11): 884
Ramipril Improves Walking Ability in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease
Annals of Internal Medicine; 144 (9): I-24
Ramipril improved walking times and QOL in peripheral artery disease and intermittent claudication
Annals of Internal Medicine; 158 (12): JC7
View MoreView Less

Journal Club
Ramipril improved walking times and QOL in peripheral artery disease and intermittent claudication
Annals of Internal Medicine; 158 (12): JC7
Review: Contrast-enhanced MRA is highly accurate for diagnosing steno-occlusions in peripheral arterial disease
Annals of Internal Medicine; 154 (2): JC1-11
Review: Aspirin does not reduce CV events but may reduce nonfatal stroke in peripheral artery disease
Annals of Internal Medicine; 151 (6): JC3-5
Review: Computed tomography angiography is highly accurate for diagnosing significant stenosis in peripheral arterial disease
Annals of Internal Medicine; 150 (10): JC5-12
View MoreView Less

Related Point of Care
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Annals of Internal Medicine; 146 (5): ITC3-1
Osteoarthritis
Annals of Internal Medicine; 147 (3): ITC8-1
Sickle Cell Disease
Annals of Internal Medicine; 155 (5): ITC3-1
Herpes Zoster
Annals of Internal Medicine; 154 (5): ITC3-1
View MoreView Less

Related Topics
Cardiology
Coronary Risk Factors
Hypertension
Nephrology

Cardiology, Coronary Risk Factors, Hypertension, Nephrology.

PubMed Articles
Facile design and development of photoluminescent graphene quantum dots grafted dextran/glycol-polymeric hydrogel for thermoresponsive triggered delivery of buprenorphine on pain management in tissue implantation.
J Photochem Photobiol B 2019;
Sigmoidectomy for Diverticulitis-A Propensity-Matched Comparison of Minimally Invasive Approaches.
J Surg Res 2019;
View More

Results provided by: PubMed

CME/MOC Activity Requires Users to be Registered and Logged In.
Sign in below to access your subscription for full content
INDIVIDUAL SIGN IN
Sign In|Set Up Account
You will be directed to acponline.org to register and create your Annals account
Annals of Internal Medicine
CREATE YOUR FREE ACCOUNT
Create Your Free Account|Why?
To receive access to the full text of freely available articles, alerts, and more. You will be directed to acponline.org to complete your registration.
×
The Comments Feature Requires Users to be Registered and Logged In.
Sign in below to access your subscription for full content
INDIVIDUAL SIGN IN
Sign In|Set Up Account
You will be directed to acponline.org to register and create your Annals account
Annals of Internal Medicine
CREATE YOUR FREE ACCOUNT
Create Your Free Account|Why?
To receive access to the full text of freely available articles, alerts, and more. You will be directed to acponline.org to complete your registration.
×
link to top

Content

  • Home
  • Latest
  • Issues
  • Channels
  • CME/MOC
  • In the Clinic
  • Journal Club
  • Web Exclusives

Information For

  • Author Info
  • Reviewers
  • Press
  • Readers
  • Institutions / Libraries / Agencies
  • Advertisers

Services

  • Subscribe
  • Renew
  • Alerts
  • Current Issue RSS
  • Latest RSS
  • In the Clinic RSS
  • Reprints & Permissions
  • Contact Us
  • Help
  • About Annals
  • About Mobile
  • Patient Information
  • Teaching Tools
  • Annals in the News
  • Share Your Feedback

Awards and Cover

  • Personae (Cover Photo)
  • Junior Investigator Awards
  • Poetry Prize

Other Resources

  • ACP Online
  • Career Connection
  • ACP Advocate Blog
  • ACP Journal Wise

Follow Annals On

  • Twitter Link
  • Facebook Link
acp link acp
silverchair link silverchair

Copyright © 2019 American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.

Print ISSN: 0003-4819 | Online ISSN: 1539-3704

Privacy Policy

|

Conditions of Use

This site uses cookies. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our privacy policy. | Accept
×

You need a subscription to this content to use this feature.

×
PDF Downloads Require Access to the Full Article.
Sign in below to access your subscription for full content
INDIVIDUAL SIGN IN
Sign In|Set Up Account
You will be directed to acponline.org to register and create your Annals account
INSTITUTIONAL SIGN IN
Open Athens|Shibboleth|Log In
Annals of Internal Medicine
PURCHASE OPTIONS
Buy This Article|Subscribe
You will be redirected to acponline.org to sign-in to Annals to complete your purchase.
CREATE YOUR FREE ACCOUNT
Create Your Free Account|Why?
To receive access to the full text of freely available articles, alerts, and more. You will be directed to acponline.org to complete your registration.
×
Access to this Free Content Requires Users to be Registered and Logged In. Please Choose One of the Following Options
Sign in below to access your subscription for full content
INDIVIDUAL SIGN IN
Sign In|Set Up Account
You will be directed to acponline.org to register and create your Annals account
Annals of Internal Medicine
CREATE YOUR FREE ACCOUNT
Create Your Free Account|Why?
To receive access to the full text of freely available articles, alerts, and more. You will be directed to acponline.org to complete your registration.
×