Selvi B. Williams, MD, MPH; Evelyn P. Whitlock, MD, MPH; Elizabeth A. Edgerton, MD, MPH; Paula R. Smith, RN, BSN; Tracy L. Beil, MS
Disclaimer: The authors of this article are responsible for its contents, including any clinical or treatment recommendations. No statement in this article should be construed as an official position of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge the reviewers of the full evidence report (Flaura Winston, MD, MPH; Randy Elder, MEd; and David Grossman, MD, MPH); the guidance from the USPSTF liaisons; and Janelle Guirguis-Blake, MD, MPH, for their contributions to this project. The authors also acknowledge Elizabeth O'Connor, PhD, and Jeffrey Fellows, PhD, for their scientific contributions throughout the course of conducting the evidence review and thank Daphne Plaut, MLS, Taryn Cardenas, BS, and Kevin Lutz, MFA, for their assistance in the preparation of this manuscript.
Potential Financial Conflicts of Interest: None disclosed.
Requests for Single Reprints: Reprints are available from the USPSTF Web site (www.preventiveservices.ahrq.gov).
Current Author Addresses: Drs. Williams and Whitlock, Ms. Smith, and Ms. Beil: Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, 3800 North Interstate Avenue, Portland, OR 97227.
Dr. Edgerton: Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC 20010.
Motor vehicle–related injuries are the leading cause of death among children, adolescents, and young adults.
To systematically review evidence of the effectiveness of counseling people of any age in primary care settings about occupant restraints or alcohol-related driving to prevent injuries.
MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Traffic Research Information Service; published systematic evidence reviews; experts; and bibliographies of selected trials.
Randomized, controlled trials (RCTs); controlled clinical trials (CCTs); or comparative observational research studies that evaluated behavioral counseling interventions feasible to conduct in primary care or referral from primary care.
Investigators abstracted data on study design, setting, patients, interventions, outcomes, and quality-related study details.
Trials report that counseling to increase the use of child safety seats leads to increased short-term restraint use (7 CCTs, 6 RCTs). Interventions that included a demonstration of correct use or distribution of a free or reduced-cost child safety seat reported larger effects. Few trials described the effect of counseling children 4 to 8 years of age to use booster seats (1 RCT); counseling older children, adolescents, or adults to use seat belts (1 CCT, 2 RCTs); or counseling unselected primary care patients to reduce alcohol-related driving behaviors (no trials).
Most of the relevant trials were published before the widespread enactment of child safety seat legislation and had methodological flaws.
The incremental effect of primary care counseling to increase the correct use of child safety seats in the current regulatory environment is not established. The effectiveness of primary care counseling to reduce alcohol-related driving has not been tested. Studies are needed.
Analytic framework.
Search results and article flow by behavior.
Table 1. Summary of Studies Evaluating Counseling to Increase the Use of Infant and Child Safety Seats during Pregnancy or after Birth to Age 4 Years
Table 2. Summary of Studies Evaluating Counseling to Increase the Use of Occupant Restraints among Children Age 4 Years or Older, Adolescents, and Adults
Table 3. Summary of Evidence Quality, by Key Question
Terms of Use
The In the Clinic® slide sets are owned and copyrighted by the American College of Physicians (ACP). All text, graphics, trademarks, and other intellectual property incorporated into the slide sets remain the sole and exclusive property of the ACP. The slide sets may be used only by the person who downloads or purchases them and only for the purpose of presenting them during not-for-profit educational activities. Users may incorporate the entire slide set or selected individual slides into their own teaching presentations but may not alter the content of the slides in any way or remove the ACP copyright notice. Users may make print copies for use as hand-outs for the audience the user is personally addressing but may not otherwise reproduce or distribute the slides by any means or media, including but not limited to sending them as e-mail attachments, posting them on Internet or Intranet sites, publishing them in meeting proceedings, or making them available for sale or distribution in any unauthorized form, without the express written permission of the ACP. Unauthorized use of the In the Clinic slide sets will constitute copyright infringement.
Williams SB, Whitlock EP, Edgerton EA, Smith PR, Beil TL. Counseling about Proper Use of Motor Vehicle Occupant Restraints and Avoidance of Alcohol Use while Driving: A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. ;147:194–206. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-147-3-200708070-00009
Download citation file:
© 2019
Published: Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(3):194-206.
DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-147-3-200708070-00009
Guidelines, Prevention/Screening, Tobacco, Alcohol, and Other Substance Abuse.
Results provided by: