Toward Reuse of Clinical Data for Research and Quality Improvement: The End of the Beginning?

Mark G. Weiner; Peter J. Embi

doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-5-200909010-00141

Today's health information technology (HIT) landscape provides an unprecedented convergence of comprehensive electronic health records, robust computational processing power, data-sharing capabilities, and emerging financial incentives that favor the widespread adoption and meaningful use of such systems. Even as the primary value proposition for HIT adoption by clinical practices remains a matter of debate (1), 2 articles in this issue (2, 3) help to illustrate the potential for secondary benefits by discussing the value of distributed health data networks for improving research and health care quality.

The multiple goals of population health, pharmaceutical surveillance, comparative effectiveness research, and other major initiatives being advanced to address the needs of our health care and research enterprises have created a growing need for access to high-quality, patient-level health information. One approach to enabling such access is the creation of centralized repositories to which data can be transferred and then readily accessed to answer questions, an approach that certainly has its merits. Alternatively, the distributed health data networks described in this issue can be designed with appropriate methods, policies, and systems to enable access and use of data housed in their original, disparate locations. As Maro and colleagues point out (2), a distributed approach has potential advantages—given today's regulatory, economic, and cultural realities—and the technological capabilities to enable such an approach exist today. Why, then, do we not see more widespread use of such systems?

The history of HIT successes and failures indicates that the technological challenges involved often pale in comparison with the many socio-organizational issues that must be understood and addressed to enable HIT advances (4). Any visitor to a local technology superstore knows how easy and inexpensive it is to collect and store vast amounts of data—the equivalent of thousands of patient records—in a device that fits as easily in a shirt pocket today as a 1.44-megabyte floppy disk did in 1990. However, the ease of information dissemination this capability enables appropriately raises personal privacy and intellectual property concerns. Adequate funding is another important factor to the success of HIT initiatives; however, funding alone does not guarantee success. One need only look at the many recent examples of failed regional health information organizations—and their successful counterparts—to appreciate the importance of effective governance structures, regulatory policies, and properly aligned organizational incentives in establishing and sustaining an effective distributed health data network (5).

In addition to these prerequisites, developers and those who attempt to leverage HIT resources have recognized even more fundamental issues inherent to reusing clinical data. Although systems to enable clinical research from large health information collections have been around for some time (6–9), they have often been criticized because the quality and comprehensiveness of the clinical data were not up to research standards or the analytical methods used to overcome these limitations were inadequate to overcome systematic biases inherent to data collected primarily for clinical care (10–12).

Has data quality improved since the time of these earlier systems? In recent years, increased data capture in electronic systems, improvements in the speed and standardization of data transfers between systems, and the ability to leverage data from multiple clinical sources (such as objective test results or therapeutic information) have reduced the oft-criticized reliance on administrative and billing data sources. However, no purely technical solution can overcome the capture of inaccurate information by the user of a clinical information system. As such, nontechnical innovations that help improve the accuracy of recorded information and incentivize consistently accurate data collection are critical to the success of research initiatives that rely on the presence of such data.

Is data capture more comprehensive now than in the earlier systems? Comprehensive data capture all relevant exposures and outcomes, features that are essential to meaningful comparative effectiveness assessments. Within a single health system, improved technology has facilitated the automated capture of more comprehensive data in electronic form, which minimizes the need for laborious manual data extraction from paper charts. However, many patients receive care across several health systems and alternative health care settings, such that a single, comprehensive, longitudinal record rarely exists for any given patient. Unfortunately, the goal of widespread information system interoperability—to enable integrated health information access that spans different health systems and vendor products—remains elusive. Achieving interoperability and ensuring adherence to common standards will be critical to the success of secondary-use initiatives (13). Without it, distributed data access could have limited value—or lead to misinterpretation of the prevalence of and relationships between exposures and outcomes.

Finally, have the methods for analyzing routinely collected clinical data improved? The process of clinical care introduces treatment bias, in which the statistical association between therapy and outcome is confounded by measured and unmeasured factors that influence both the choice of treatment and the likelihood of the outcome. Instrumental variable and propensity score analyses, which have been applied for years in the social sciences, and new methods, such as prior-event rate ratios (14), are increasingly being applied in the medical domain to overcome treatment biases, with variable degrees of success and acceptance. Understanding the clinical circumstances and types of research questions for which these methods may yield valid results—perhaps even consistent with those of traditional clinical studies—requires simulations, sensitivity analyses, and validation against the findings of randomized trials.

The promises of our current HIT environment are clearly great and growing. The efforts of biomedical informaticians, health services researchers, biostatisticians, and others have significantly advanced our knowledge of how to collect, organize, retrieve, analyze, and apply health data to improve individual patient care, as well as for such additional purposes as population health and biomedical research. However, significant collaborative effort by many of the stakeholders involved, including health care institutions and clinicians, HIT vendors, researchers, informaticians, regulators and policymakers, payers, and patients, is required to realize the full promise of these resources. If history is any indication, fostering and nurturing this collaboration will be challenging and take some time. Nevertheless, as the 2 articles in this issue help illustrate, current technology and existing models of success have put us in a better position today than we have been in before to realize the promises of HIT to advance research and create a safer and more efficient health care enterprise. To quote Sir Winston Churchill, “This is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning.”

Mark G. Weiner, MD

University of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, PA 19104

Peter J. Embi, MD, MS

University of Cincinnati

Cincinnati, OH 45267

References

Blumenthal
D
.
Stimulating the adoption of health information technology.
N Engl J Med
2009
360
1477
9
PubMed
CrossRef
Maro
JC
,
Platt
R
,
Holmes
JH
,
Strom
BL
,
Hennessy
S
,
Lazarus
R
. et al.
Design of a national distributed health data network.
Ann Intern Med
2009
151
341
4
Pace
WD
,
Cifuentes
M
,
Valuck
RJ
,
Staton
EW
,
Brandt
EC
,
West
DR
.
An electronic practice-based network for observational comparative effectiveness research.
Ann Intern Med
2009
151
338
40
Kaplan
B
,
Harris-Salamone
KD
.
Health IT success and failure: recommendations from literature and an AMIA workshop.
J Am Med Inform Assoc
2009
16
291
9
PubMed
Adler-Milstein
J
,
McAfee
AP
,
Bates
DW
,
Jha
AK
.
The state of regional health information organizations: current activities and financing.
Health Aff (Millwood)
2008
27
w60
9
PubMed
Johnson
SB
,
Hripcsak
G
,
Chen
J
,
Clayton
P
.
Accessing the Columbia Clinical Repository.
Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care
1994
281
5
PubMed
Steib
SA
,
Reichley
RM
,
McMullin
ST
,
Marrs
KA
,
Bailey
TC
,
Dunagan
WC
. et al.
Supporting ad-hoc queries in an integrated clinical database.
Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care
1995
62
6
PubMed
Tierney
WM
,
McDonald
CJ
.
Practice databases and their uses in clinical research.
Stat Med
1991
10
541
57
PubMed
Safran
C
,
Porter
D
,
Lightfoot
J
,
Rury
CD
,
Underhill
LH
,
Bleich
HL
. et al.
ClinQuery: a system for online searching of data in a teaching hospital.
Ann Intern Med
1989
111
751
6
PubMed
Hlatky
MA
.
Using databases to evaluate therapy.
Stat Med
1991
10
647
52
PubMed
Byar
DP
.
Problems with using observational databases to compare treatments.
Stat Med
1991
10
663
6
PubMed
McDonald
CJ
,
Hui
SL
.
The analysis of humongous databases: problems and promises.
Stat Med
1991
10
511
8
PubMed
Safran
C
,
Bloomrosen
M
,
Hammond
WE
,
Labkoff
S
,
Markel-Fox
S
,
Tang
PC
. et al.
Toward a national framework for the secondary use of health data: an American Medical Informatics Association White Paper.
J Am Med Inform Assoc
2007
14
1
9
PubMed
Tannen
RL
,
Weiner
MG
,
Xie
D
.
Use of primary care electronic medical record database in drug efficacy research on cardiovascular outcomes: comparison of database and randomised controlled trial findings.
BMJ
2009
338
b81
PubMed

Clinical Slide Sets

Terms of Use

The In the Clinic® slide sets are owned and copyrighted by the American College of Physicians (ACP). All text, graphics, trademarks, and other intellectual property incorporated into the slide sets remain the sole and exclusive property of the ACP. The slide sets may be used only by the person who downloads or purchases them and only for the purpose of presenting them during not-for-profit educational activities. Users may incorporate the entire slide set or selected individual slides into their own teaching presentations but may not alter the content of the slides in any way or remove the ACP copyright notice. Users may make print copies for use as hand-outs for the audience the user is personally addressing but may not otherwise reproduce or distribute the slides by any means or media, including but not limited to sending them as e-mail attachments, posting them on Internet or Intranet sites, publishing them in meeting proceedings, or making them available for sale or distribution in any unauthorized form, without the express written permission of the ACP. Unauthorized use of the In the Clinic slide sets will constitute copyright infringement.

This feature is available only to Registered Users

Subscribe/Learn More

Editorials |1 September 2009

Toward Reuse of Clinical Data for Research and Quality Improvement: The End of the Beginning? Free

References

Clinical Slide Sets

This feature is available only to Registered Users

0 Comments

See Also

Related Articles

Journal Club

Related Topics

PubMed Articles

Content

Information For

Services

Awards and Cover

Other Resources

Follow Annals On

Editorials |1 September 2009

Toward Reuse of Clinical Data for Research and Quality Improvement: The End of the Beginning? Free

References

Clinical Slide Sets

This feature is available only to Registered Users

0 Comments

See Also

Related Articles

Journal Club

Related Topics

PubMed Articles

Content

Information For

Services

Awards and Cover

Other Resources

Follow Annals On

You need a subscription to this content to use this feature.